In re THE BOEING COMPANY

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 
Before the 
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION 
 
SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 
Release No.  11105 / September 22, 2022 
 
ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDING 
File No.  3-21140 
 
 
In the Matter of 
 
THE BOEING COMPANY,  
 
Respondent. 
 
 
 
ORDER INSTITUTING CEASE-AND-
DESIST PROCEEDINGS PURSUANT TO 
SECTION 8A OF THE SECURITIES ACT 
OF 1933, MAKING FINDINGS, AND 
IMPOSING A CEASE-AND-DESIST 
ORDER  
  
I. 
 
 The Securities and Exchange Commission (“Commission”) deems it appropriate that cease-
and-desist proceedings be, and hereby are, instituted pursuant to Section 8A of the Securities Act 
of 1933 (“Securities Act”), against The Boeing Company (“Boeing” or “Respondent”).   
 
II. 
 
 In anticipation of the institution of these proceedings, Respondent has submitted an Offer 
of Settlement (the “Offer”), which the Commission has determined to accept.  Solely for the 
purpose of these proceedings and any other proceedings brought by or on behalf of the 
Commission, or to which the Commission is a party, and without admitting or denying the findings 
herein, except as to the Commission’s jurisdiction over it and the subject matter of these 
proceedings, which are admitted, Respondent consents to the entry of this Order Instituting Cease-
And-Desist Proceedings Pursuant to Section 8A of the Securities Act of 1933, Making Findings, 
And Imposing A Cease-And-Desist Order (“Order”), as set forth below.   
 
III. 
 
 On the basis of this Order and Respondent’s Offer, the Commission finds
1
 that:  
SUMMARY 
1. This matter concerns Boeing’s failure to exercise reasonable care in making 
statements to the public following two fatal accidents involving its new 737 MAX line of aircraft.  
                                                 
1
 The findings herein are made pursuant to Respondent’s Offer of Settlement and are not binding 
on any other person or entity in this or any other proceeding. 

 2 
Those failures resulted in Boeing making materially misleading statements to investors in 
November 2018 and April 2019.  
  
2. On October 29, 2018, a Boeing 737 MAX aircraft operated by PT Lion Mentari 
Airlines (“Lion Air”) as Flight 610 crashed shortly after takeoff from Jakarta, Indonesia, killing all 
189 passengers and crew (the “Lion Air Crash”).   
 
3. Less than five months later, on March 10, 2019, a second 737 MAX, this one 
operated by Ethiopian Airlines as Flight 302, crashed shortly after takeoff from Addis Ababa, 
Ethiopia, killing all 157 passengers and crew (the “Ethiopian Airlines Crash”). 
 
4. Accident investigations revealed that both crashes involved the erroneous activation 
of the Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (“MCAS”), a new Boeing flight control 
law (not described in the 737 MAX flight manuals or pilot training materials) that was designed to 
help avert stalls by pushing the nose of the airplane downward without input from the crew 
whenever a sensor on the outside of the fuselage indicated the aircraft was approaching an angle at 
which a stall may occur.   
 
5. Neither Lion Air Flight 610 nor Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 was approaching a 
stall at the time MCAS activated.  Rather, on both flights, an erroneous signal from the external 
sensor repeatedly triggered MCAS while the plane was climbing at a normal angle.  On both 
flights, the crews were unable to regain control of the airplane following the unintended MCAS 
activations. 
6. On March 13, 2019, three days after the Ethiopian Airlines Crash, the U.S. Federal 
Aviation Administration (“FAA”) issued an order grounding the entire 737 MAX fleet due to 
ongoing safety concerns; similar grounding orders were issued by regulators around the world.  
Ultimately, more than 20 months would pass before a 737 MAX was once again permitted to fly. 
 
7. In the wake of the Lion Air Crash, Boeing sought to reassure the public and the 
market about the safety of the 737 MAX.  Later, following the Ethiopian Airlines Crash and the 
subsequent grounding of the 737 MAX, Boeing sought to reassure the public and the market that 
the process by which the 737 MAX was designed, tested and certified to fly complied with all 
applicable regulations and with Boeing’s own standards and historical practices.  In doing so, 
Boeing failed to exercise reasonable care, resulting in public statements that were materially 
misleading to investors.   
 
8. The first misleading public statement was contained in a press release issued by 
Boeing on November 27, 2018, following the release of the Indonesian government’s preliminary 
report on the Lion Air Crash (the “November 2018 Press Release” or “Press Release”).  In that 
Press Release, Boeing highlighted certain aspects of the preliminary accident report while 
downplaying others, and also offered the public its “assurance” that the 737 MAX “is as safe as 
any airplane that has ever flown the skies.”  However, by that point, Boeing had determined that 
MCAS posed an ongoing safety issue that required remediation; indeed, Boeing had already begun 
work on a redesign of the MCAS software to address the safety issue.  However, the Press Release 
made no mention of the MCAS safety issue or planned software redesign. 

 3 
9. A second set of misleading public statements was made in April 2019 following the 
Ethiopian Airlines Crash and the 737 MAX grounding (the “April 2019 Statements”).  While 
speaking to investors and analysts during Boeing’s first quarter 2019 earnings call on April 24, 
2019, and in comments to reporters following Boeing’s annual shareholders’ meeting on April 29, 
2019, Boeing, through its then President and CEO, Dennis A. Muilenburg (“Muilenburg”), stated 
that “there was no surprise or gap or unknown ... that somehow slipped through [the] certification 
process” for the 737 MAX, and that Boeing had “gone back and confirmed ... that we followed 
exactly the steps in our design and certification processes that consistently produce safe airplanes.”   
 
10. Prior to the April 2019 Statements, Boeing had, in responding to a subpoena 
issued by the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”) in a criminal investigation into the 737 MAX 
certification process, uncovered documents that suggested that key facts about MCAS’s 
operational scope had not been disclosed to the FAA’s Aircraft Evaluation Group (“FAA-AEG”), 
the section of the FAA responsible for the review and approval of pilot training requirements and 
flight manuals for the 737 MAX.  In addition, an internal compliance review had separately 
identified certain documentation gaps and inconsistencies relating to MCAS and the certification 
process.  None of those facts were disclosed or otherwise known to the public at that time. 
 
11. Boeing offered and sold debt securities to investors after it issued the November 
2018 Press Release.  Boeing also offered and sold debt securities to investors after Muilenburg’s 
April 2019 Statements.  
 
12. By failing to exercise reasonable care to ensure that statements in its November 
2018 Press Release and in the April 2019 Statements were not materially misleading by ensuring 
that all facts necessary to make those statements not misleading under the circumstances were 
disclosed to investors, Boeing violated Sections 17(a)(2) and 17(a)(3) of the Securities Act. 
RESPONDENT 
13. Boeing, a Delaware corporation headquartered in Arlington, Virginia, engages in 
the design, development, manufacture, sale and support of commercial jet aircraft, military aircraft, 
satellites, and other aerospace products.  Boeing’s common stock is registered under Section 12(b) 
of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”) and trades on the New York Stock 
Exchange (under the ticker symbol “BA”). 
 
OTHER RELEVANT INDIVIDUAL 
 
14. Muilenburg, age 58, is a resident of Collinsville, Illinois.  Muilenburg was 
Boeing’s President from December 2013 to December 2019, CEO from July 2015 to December 
2019, and Chairman of the Board of Directors from March 2016 to October 2019. 

 4 
FACTS 
 
A. Background: The 737 MAX and MCAS  
 
15. Boeing’s 737 line of commercial aircraft first came to market in the 1960s.  Since 
that time, Boeing has designed, manufactured, and sold approximately 10 versions of the Boeing 
737 to its customers, including commercial airlines around the world. 
16. The 737 MAX is Boeing’s most recent version of the 737 aircraft line.  The 737 
MAX was conceived after Boeing faced intense competition from one of its rival commercial 
airplane manufacturers to produce a fuel-efficient, single aisle plane.  
17. Boeing began designing the 737 MAX in 2011 and submitted its initial application 
for an Amended Type Certificate (“ATC”) to the FAA in 2012.  In March 2017, the FAA issued 
an ATC to Boeing for the 737 MAX, and the new plane entered into service a few months later.  
Quickly after it was launched, the 737 MAX became the best-selling plane in Boeing’s history. 
18. Although the 737 MAX was built upon the design of its predecessor, the 737 Next 
Generation (the “737 NG”), some changes were made.  For one thing, the engines on the 737 
MAX were larger and were positioned slightly forward under the airplane’s wings.  These changes 
increased fuel efficiency but altered the aerodynamics of the 737 MAX as compared to its 
predecessor, particularly at higher angles-of-attack (“AoA”), a measure of the angle between the 
aircraft’s wing and the oncoming air. 
 
19. In an effort to make the 737 MAX handle more like the 737 NG, Boeing introduced 
MCAS, a computerized control that would adjust the airplane’s horizontal stabilizer in the event 
the plane’s computer received data from an external sensor (known as the AoA sensor) indicating 
that the angle of the airplane was too steep, which could cause the plane to stall.  MCAS was 
designed to make the necessary adjustments without input from the crew.   
20. MCAS was originally designed to operate only under conditions involving both 
high speeds (Mach 0.6-0.8) and high AoA, conditions that were “outside the normal flight 
envelope.”  MCAS was therefore not expected to engage during the course of a normal commercial 
flight.   
 
21. Later in the design and certification process, however, Boeing expanded the 
operational scope of MCAS to address a tendency of the 737 MAX to pitch upwards at high AoA 
even at lower speeds.  To achieve this, Boeing widened the speed range within which MCAS could 
operate to Mach 0.2-0.8, now encompassing speeds at which a commercial flight would regularly 
travel, and also expanded MCAS’s command authority, or the degree to which MCAS could push 
down the nose of the plane, at lower speeds (the “MCAS Expansion”).   
 

 5 
B. U.S. Regulators Approve the Pilot Training Requirements and Flight Manuals for 
the 737 MAX without Knowledge of the MCAS Expansion. 
 
22. When a derivative of an existing aircraft model enters service, pilots certified to fly 
the previous model can become certified to fly the new model by undergoing “differences 
training,” a training course focused on those aspects of the new model (here, the 737 MAX) that 
are meaningfully different from the previous model (here, the 737 NG).  As a general matter, the 
greater the similarity between the two models, the less differences training is required, reducing 
training costs incurred by operators of the aircraft.   
23. In connection with the overall evaluation, approval and certification process for a 
derivative airplane, the FAA-AEG is responsible for determining the required level of differences 
training for U.S.-based airline pilots – and, relatedly, the extent to which new or updated functions 
must be described in the flight manuals – based on information provided, and recommendations 
made, by manufacturers such as Boeing.  At the end of this process, the FAA-AEG publishes a 
Flight Standardization Board Report (the “FSB Report”) which contains, among other things, the 
FAA-AEG’s determination on the level and scope of differences training and the contents of the 
flight manuals. 
 
24. Here, Boeing took the view that pilots transitioning from the 737 NG to the 737 
MAX should be required to undergo only a short computer-based training (“CBT”) course, as 
opposed to more extensive, simulator-based training.  Indeed, even before certification, Boeing 
advertised, and, in some cases, contractually guaranteed, to its airline customers that only CBT 
would be required for 737 NG pilots to operate the 737 MAX.
 
  For instance, one purchase 
agreement with a major airline required Boeing to refund up to $1 million per plane in the event 
the FAA required more than CBT for 737 MAX pilots. 
 
25. In advocating for CBT only, Boeing employees responsible for communicating 
with the FAA-AEG as to differences training and manuals certification – including Boeing 
Employee-1 and Boeing Employee-2, senior members of the 737 MAX Flight Technical Group – 
presented MCAS to the FAA-AEG as a feature that could only activate in a very specific, high-
speed scenario that was outside the normal flight envelope and therefore unlikely to ever be 
encountered by a commercial pilot.  They made these representations to FAA-AEG personnel 
beginning in or around June 2015. 
 
26. In or around March 2016, Boeing introduced the MCAS Expansion, significantly 
broadening MCAS’s operational scope.  No longer limited to a specific, rare high-speed scenario, 
MCAS could now activate at abnormally high AoA throughout the entire speed range of the 737 
MAX, including during the initial climb and the final descent, and its command authority was 
significantly increased to allow it to function effectively at lower speeds. 
 

 6 
27. In or around August 2016, the FAA-AEG made a provisional determination to 
accept Boeing’s proposal of CBT-only and to omit MCAS from the differences training and flight 
manuals.  At that time, the FAA-AEG was not aware of the MCAS Expansion.
 2
 
28. Boeing employees responsible for communicating with the FAA-AEG understood, 
as evidenced by internal emails, that this provisional determination was contingent on there being 
“no significant systems changes to the airplane,” and that the subsequent disclosure of additional 
differences to the FAA-AEG “would be a huge threat to that differences training determination.” 
 
29. On or about November 15, 2016, during a test flight of the 737 MAX in a 
simulator, Boeing Employee-1 experienced what Boeing Employee-1 recognized as MCAS 
operating at lower speed.  Later that day, Boeing Employee-1 and Boeing Employee-2 discussed 
MCAS in an electronic chat (the “November 15, 2016 Chat”) which contained the following 
exchange: 
 
Boeing Employee-1:  Oh  shocker  alerT!  /  MCAS  is  now 
active  down  to  M[ach]  .2  /  It’s  running  rampant  in  the 
sim[ulator] on  me... / so  I  basically  lied  to  the  regulators 
(unknowingly) 
Boeing Employee-2:  [I]t wasn’t a lie, no one told us that was 
the case 
30. Following this exchange, Boeing employees responsible for communicating with 
the FAA-AEG did not inform the FAA-AEG about the MCAS Expansion.  And in a January 17, 
2017 email to the FAA-AEG, Boeing Employee-1 reminded the FAA-AEG to delete any 
references to MCAS from the FSB Report, saying “Flight Controls: Delete MCAS, recall we 
decided we weren’t going to cover it in the [manuals] or the CBT ... since it’s way outside the 
normal operating envelope.”  
 
31. On or about July 5, 2017, the FAA-AEG published the FSB Report, which omitted 
any information about MCAS.  Consistent with the determinations made by the FAA-AEG as 
reflected in the published FSB Report, MCAS was not described in the 737 MAX flight manuals 
or pilot training materials, and was not part of the required differences training for pilots 
transitioning to the 737 MAX when the 737 MAX entered into service in mid-2017. 
 
                                                 
2
 The MCAS Expansion was reflected in certification documents provided to a different group 
within the FAA that was responsible for determining whether the 737 MAX met U.S. federal 
airworthiness certification standards; however, that group was not involved in the review and 
approval of pilot training requirements and flight manuals. 

 7 
C. The Lion Air Crash and the November 2018 Press Release  
 
Boeing’s Safety Review Board Determines that MCAS Poses a Safety Issue that Requires 
Remediation, and Boeing Engineers Begin Work on a Software Redesign. 
 
32. The Lion Air Crash occurred on October 29, 2018.  Soon after the crash, 
investigators identified repeated unintended activations of MCAS triggered by erroneous AoA data 
as a cause of the accident. 
 
33. In the weeks following the Lion Air Crash, Boeing convened a series of meetings 
of its Safety Review Board (“SRB”) – an internal body comprised of Boeing personnel that 
evaluate in-service aircraft safety issues – on November 4, 2018, November 6, 2018, and 
November 15, 2018, to assess the ongoing safety of the 737 MAX in light of the Lion Air Crash.     
34. The SRB determined that the high crew workload required to counter repeated 
unintended MCAS activation triggered by erroneous AoA data, and the limited amount of time a 
crew might have to do so before the airplane became unrecoverable (as happened on the Lion Air 
Crash flight), posed an “airplane safety issue” that required remediation.  The crew workload issue 
was compounded by the presence of other distracting visual, auditory, and tactile alerts and 
warnings associated with a damaged or malfunctioning AoA sensor on the 737 MAX.  
 
35. On November 6, 2018, Boeing issued a bulletin to operators of 737 MAX aircraft 
informing them that erroneous AoA data could cause uncommanded nose-down movements of the 
aircraft (without mentioning MCAS by name).  The bulletin instructed pilots to follow the 
procedures in the flight manuals for a “runaway stabilizer” – a type of malfunction that could 
present as similar to repeated unintended MCAS activations on the 737 MAX – in the event of 
uncommanded nose-down movement. 
36. On November 7, 2018, the FAA issued a public emergency airworthiness directive 
to airlines operating the 737 MAX, informing them of the potential for repeated nose-down 
movements of the aircraft which, “if not addressed, could cause the flight crew to have difficulty 
controlling the airplane ... and [could result in] possible impact with terrain.”  The airworthiness 
directive identified the issue as an “unsafe condition” on the 737 MAX, and, as an “interim action” 
pending further analysis, referred crews to the runaway stabilizer procedures described in Boeing’s 
November 6 bulletin.  
37. On or about November 15, 2018, Boeing safety engineers concluded that, in light of 
the SRB’s findings, the MCAS software should be redesigned and re-installed on the 737 MAX 
fleet to remediate the high crew workload “airplane safety issue.”  They determined that the 
software redesign had to be completed within approximately 27 months, but that the 737 MAX 
fleet could continue to operate in the interim in light of Boeing’s bulletin and the FAA emergency 
airworthiness directive. 
38. Around the same time, the FAA conducted its own safety analysis and reached 
conclusions similar to those reached by the Boeing SRB, including that the Boeing 737 MAX 
could continue to operate pending remediation of the MCAS-related crew workload issue; 

 8 
however, the FAA review concluded that a software redesign would have to be completed within 
approximately 8 months (later shortened to approximately 7 months). 
Boeing Assures the Public that the 737 MAX is “as Safe as Any Airplane that has Ever Flown 
the Skies” while Working to Remediate the “Airplane Safety Issue.” 
39. On or about November 15, 2018, senior executives at Boeing, including 
Muilenburg, were informed that the SRB had identified the crew workload issue associated with 
unintended MCAS activation due to erroneous AoA data as an “airplane safety issue” that required 
remediation, and that Boeing engineers were working on redesigning the MCAS software to 
address the issue. 
40. Also, on or about November 15, 2018, Boeing’s Communications team began 
working with senior Boeing engineers and lawyers, among others, to draft a press release to update 
the public following the Lion Air Crash (the “Draft Press Release”), which would evolve to 
become the November 2018 Press Release. 
   
41. Early versions of the Draft Press Release generally confirmed the plane’s safety, 
stating that the 737 MAX was either a “safe airplane” or that it “continue[d] to be safe to fly.”  
Certain versions also noted that Boeing was working with the FAA to “expedite the development 
and certification of a flight control software update” for MCAS. 
 
42. During this time period, Boeing was the subject of extensive negative media 
coverage over allegations that Boeing had withheld information from pilots, airlines, regulators and 
the general public regarding MCAS.  Other articles raised concerns about MCAS being too 
powerful and/or relying on a single sensor, and about the integrity of the certification process for 
the 737 MAX. 
 
43. Boeing’s stock price was also dropping during this time.  By November 20, 2018, 
Boeing’s stock price had fallen by 11.6% since the Lion Air Crash. 
 
44. On November 20, 2018, Muilenburg expressed disappointment in Boeing’s 
response to the negative post-crash media coverage, stating in an email that “[w]e are spending too 
much time playing defense... [we] need to start playing some offense.”   
 
45. The next day, an official at the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board 
(“NTSB”) emailed Boeing a draft of the preliminary report on the Lion Air accident investigation 
(the “Lion Air Preliminary Report”), which was expected to be released to the public by the 
Indonesian government within the coming days. 
46. Later that day, the Communications team sent Muilenburg and other executives an 
updated version of the Draft Press Release.  After reviewing the draft, Muilenburg directed that the 
Draft Press Release be modified to incorporate a discussion of facts drawn from the Lion Air 
Preliminary Report, and also suggested removing discussion of the planned MCAS software 
redesign from the Draft Press Release.  

 9 
47. On November 24, 2018, the Communications team began revising the Draft Press 
Release in accordance with Muilenburg’s instructions.  As a result, the Draft Press Release 
underwent significant changes as its focus shifted to the Lion Air Preliminary Report.   
48. From that point forward, the Draft Press Release no longer mentioned the 
development of an “MCAS software update,” and also stated that Boeing’s customers and 
passengers “have [Boeing’s] assurance that the 737 MAX is as safe as any airplane that has ever 
flown the skies.”  In the days that followed, Muilenburg and other executives worked with the 
Communications team to further revise the Draft Press Release.  
49. On the afternoon of November 27, 2018, Muilenburg approved the issuance of the 
November 2018 Press Release via email, writing, “Looks great – factual, and sticks to the report 
while making our key points.  Good to go here ....”  The November 2018 Press Release was 
published on Boeing’s website that evening, just after the public release of the Lion Air 
Preliminary Report by the Indonesian government.   
 
50. The November 2018 Press Release highlighted certain facts from the Lion Air 
Preliminary Report suggesting that pilot error and poor airplane maintenance by Lion Air had 
contributed to the crash.  The November 2018 Press Release did not mention that the SRB had 
identified an ongoing “airplane safety issue” associated with MCAS or the planned software 
redesign – indeed, it did not mention MCAS at all.  The final November 2018 Press Release also 
contained the statement: “As our customers and their passengers continue to fly the 737 MAX to 
hundreds of destinations around the world every day, they have our assurance that the 737 MAX 
is as safe as any airplane that has ever flown the skies.” 
51. Prior to the issuance of the November 2018 Press Release, Boeing provided drafts 
to the FAA and NTSB for informational purposes, and those drafts contained the “as safe as any 
airplane that has ever flown the skies” language.  After the November 2018 Press Release was 
published, a senior official at the NTSB complained to Boeing, via email, that the November 2018 
Press Release was not appropriate given Boeing’s involvement in the crash investigation, and that 
“the omission of certain facts and the highlighting of other facts [in the November 2018 Press 
Release] leads the reader to Boeing’s analytical conclusion.” 
52. On November 28, 2018, the first trading day following the public release of the 
Lion Air Preliminary Report and Boeing’s after-hours publication of the November 2018 Press 
Release, Boeing’s stock closed at $333.5, up 4.8% from the prior day’s close (compared to a 2% 
gain for the S&P 500).  
 
53. The November 2018 Press Release – in particular, the statement that “the 737 
MAX is as safe as any airplane that has ever flown the skies” – was misleading under the 
circumstances absent any discussion of an “airplane safety issue” that required remediation by 
fixing the MCAS software.  Accordingly, Boeing failed to exercise reasonable care in connection 
with the November 2018 Press Release. 
 
54. A reasonable investor would have considered the statement in the November 2018 
Press Release that “the 737 MAX is as safe as any airplane that has ever flown the skies,” as well 

 10 
as contrary facts set forth in Paragraph 53, supra, that were omitted from the November 2018 
Press Release, to be material. 
55. In or around February 2019, Boeing offered and sold $1.5 billion of debt securities 
to investors.  At the time of the offers and sales, Boeing had neither retracted nor modified the 
materially misleading statement contained in the November 2018 Press Release. 
 
D. The Boeing Certification Compliance Review and Discovery of “Concerning” 
Documents Relating to MCAS Differences Training and Manuals 
 
Boeing’s Compliance Review Identifies Documentation Gaps and Inconsistencies in the 
Certification Process Relating to MCAS. 
 
56. On or about November 21, 2018, Boeing senior management assembled a team to 
review the 737 MAX certification process with a particular focus on MCAS (the “MCAS 
Certification Compliance Review”), led by a senior Boeing engineer who was familiar with the 
737 MAX design, but who had not been directly involved in the certification process.  The MCAS 
Certification Compliance Review team was specifically directed to include in its review aspects of 
the certification process relating to differences training and flight manuals.   
57. The MCAS Certification Compliance Review team presented its initial findings and 
conclusions to Boeing senior engineering and compliance personnel, together with representatives 
of the FAA, on or about December 17, 2018, in a live presentation accompanied by a written 
report.  Muilenburg was briefed on the core findings around this time as well.  While the written 
report was further reviewed over the next several months, the core findings and conclusions did not 
change. 
58. The MCAS Certification Compliance Review ultimately concluded that the 
certification process with respect to MCAS was compliant with FAA regulations.  However, the 
written report identified several documentation gaps and inconsistencies relating to MCAS and the 
certification process, including a lack of adequate supporting documentation for the assumption, 
used by Boeing engineers and test pilots throughout the design and testing process, that repeated 
unintended MCAS activations (as the crew of Lion Air Flight 610 experienced) would be no more 
hazardous than a single unintended MCAS activation – an assumption that was later called into 
doubt by the SRB. 
 
59. The MCAS Certification Compliance Review report also noted that the supporting 
rationale for the decision to remove MCAS from the differences training and flight manuals was 
not properly documented and had been made contemporaneously with the MCAS Expansion.  
These findings raised questions as to whether the FAA-AEG had been made aware of, and had an 
opportunity to evaluate, the MCAS Expansion when it agreed to Boeing’s proposal to remove 
MCAS from the differences training and manuals. 
 
60. The MCAS Certification Compliance Review team was not aware of the November 
15, 2016 Chat.  Consequently, the November 15, 2016 Chat was not referenced in the MCAS 
Certification Compliance Review report and did not factor into its findings and conclusions. 

 11 
 
Boeing’s Senior Officers are Briefed on the November 15, 2016 Chat. 
 
61. In the wake of the Lion Air Crash, the DOJ began an investigation into the 737 
MAX certification process.  In January 2019, while collecting documents in connection with the 
DOJ’s investigation, members of Boeing’s Legal Department uncovered a series of 
communications that raised questions about the disclosures made to the FAA-AEG concerning the 
differences training and manuals certification, including the November 15, 2016 Chat in which 
Boeing Employee-1 wrote that he had “lied to regulators (unknowingly)” about MCAS. 
 
62. In or around January 2019, Boeing’s in-house counsel informed Muilenburg and 
other senior executives about the existence of the November 15, 2016 Chat.  Following that 
communication, Muilenburg understood the November 15, 2016 Chat to be “concerning.”   
63. The November 15, 2016 Chat – like the documentation issues highlighted in the 
MCAS Certification Compliance Review report – raised significant questions concerning the 
adequacy of Boeing’s disclosures about MCAS in connection with the FAA-AEG’s review and 
approval of pilot training requirements and flight manuals for the 737 MAX, including the 
omission of MCAS from the differences training and the flight manuals. 
 
E. The Ethiopian Airlines Crash and the April 2019 Statements 
 
64. The Ethiopian Airlines Crash occurred on March 10, 2019.  Once again, accident 
investigators determined that the accident involved repeated unintended activations of MCAS 
triggered by erroneous data from an AoA sensor.   
 
65. On March 13, 2019, three days after the Ethiopian Airlines Crash, the FAA issued 
an order grounding the entire 737 MAX fleet due to ongoing safety concerns; similar grounding 
orders were issued by regulators around the world.  Ultimately, more than 20 months would elapse 
before the 737 MAX was once again permitted to fly. 
 
66. The extensive negative media coverage of Boeing that followed the Lion Air Crash 
intensified after the Ethiopian Airlines Crash and the subsequent grounding, as did the downward 
pressure on Boeing’s stock price.    
 
67. Boeing’s first quarter earnings call occurred on April 24, 2019.  On that call, 
Muilenburg, on behalf of Boeing, responded to analysts’ questions concerning MCAS and the 
certification process for the 737 MAX.  During the questioning, one analyst asked in relevant 
part: “how did this slip through the engineering organization? How did it slip through the FAA... 
because it doesn’t seem like there was a lot of new science going on here... [t]his seemed to be 
applications of existing technology to an existing platform.”  Muilenburg’s answer stated in 
relevant part:  
 
[T]here  is  no  technical  slip  or  gap  here... we know that both 
accidents were a series of events... in this case, there was erroneous 
angle-of-attack   information   that   came   into   the   airplane   from 

 12 
multiple causes... at some point during the flight, that activated the 
MCAS control laws, and we know that ultimately there were actions 
or actions not taken that contributed to the final outcome... 
 
But I can tell you with confidence that we understand our airplane, 
we   understand   how   the   design   was   accomplished,   how   the 
certification  was  accomplished,  and  remain  fully  confident  in  the 
product that we’ve put in the field. But we also know there are areas 
that we can improve, and that is the source of the software update 
here. But  there  was  no  surprise  or  gap  or  unknown  here  or 
something that somehow slipped through a certification process. 
Quite  the  opposite.  We  know  exactly  how  the  airplane  was 
designed. We know exactly how it was certified. We have taken the 
time to understand that.... 
(Emphasis added.) 
 
68. Five days later, on April 29, during a press conference following Boeing’s annual 
shareholders’ meeting, a reporter asked Muilenburg whether the MCAS design was deeply 
flawed.  Muilenburg, on behalf of Boeing, responded in relevant part: “We have gone back and 
confirmed again ... that we followed exactly the steps in our design and certification processes 
that consistently produce safe airplanes.  It was designed per our standards. It was certified 
per our standards.”  (Emphasis added.) 
69. The April 2019 Statements were misleading under the circumstances absent any 
discussion of the questions raised by the discovery of the November 15, 2016 Chat and the MCAS 
Certification Compliance Review concerning the adequacy of Boeing’s disclosures to the FAA-
AEG in connection with the FAA-AEG’s review and approval of pilot training requirements and 
flight manuals for the 737 MAX.  Accordingly, Boeing failed to exercise reasonable care in 
connection with the April 2019 Statements. 
70. A reasonable investor would have considered the April 2019 Statements – in 
particular, the statements that “there was no surprise or gap or unknown ... that somehow slipped 
through [the] certification process” for the 737 MAX, and that Boeing had “gone back and 
confirmed ... that we followed exactly the steps in our design and certification processes that 
consistently produce safe airplanes” – as well as the contrary facts set forth in Paragraph 69, 
supra, that were omitted from the April 2019 Statements, to be material. 
71. In or around May 2019, Boeing offered and sold $3.5 billion of debt securities to 
investors. 
72. In or around July 2019, Boeing offered and sold $5.5 billion of debt securities to 
investors. 
73. At the time of the offers and sales in May and July 2019, neither Boeing nor 
Muilenburg had retracted or modified the materially misleading April 2019 Statements. 

 13 
74. On October 18, 2019, it was widely reported that the U.S. House of 
Representatives Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, which was conducting hearings 
relating to the 737 MAX, had obtained a series of documents concerning Boeing Employee-1’s 
communications with the FAA-AEG, including the November 15, 2016 Chat, and would be 
questioning Muilenburg about those documents and related issues during his scheduled 
congressional testimony later that month.   
75. On October 18, 2019, Boeing’s stock price dropped by 6.8%, compared to a 0.4% 
decline for the S&P 500. 
Violations 
76. As a result of the conduct described above, Boeing violated Sections 17(a)(2) and 
17(a)(3) of the Securities Act, which prohibit any person in the offer or sale of securities from 
obtaining money or property by means of any untrue statement of material fact or any omission to 
state a material fact necessary in order to make statements made, in light of the circumstances 
under which they were made, not misleading, and from engaging in any practice or course of 
business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon the purchaser in the offer or 
sale of securities, respectively.  Negligence is sufficient to establish violations of Sections 17(a)(2) 
and 17(a)(3) of the Securities Act.  Aaron v. SEC, 446 U.S. 680, 696-97 (1980). 
IV. 
 
 In view of the foregoing, the Commission deems it appropriate to impose the sanctions 
agreed to in Respondent Boeing’s Offer. 
 
 Accordingly, it is hereby ORDERED that: 
 
 A. Pursuant to Section 8A of the Securities Act, Boeing cease and desist from 
committing or causing any violations and any future violations of Sections 17(a)(2) and 17(a)(3) of 
the Securities Act.  
B. Boeing shall, within 14 days of the entry of this Order, pay a civil money penalty in 
the amount of $200,000,000 to the Securities and Exchange Commission.  If timely payment is not 
made, additional interest shall accrue pursuant to 31 U.S.C. §3717.   
Payment must be made in one of the following ways:   
 
(1) Respondent may transmit payment electronically to the Commission, which 
will provide detailed ACH transfer/Fedwire instructions upon request;  
 
(2) Respondent may make direct payment from a bank account via Pay.gov 
through the SEC website at http://www.sec.gov/about/offices/ofm.htm; or  
 

 14 
(3) Respondent may pay by certified check, bank cashier’s check, or United 
States postal money order, made payable to the Securities and Exchange 
Commission and hand-delivered or mailed to:  
 
Enterprise Services Center 
Accounts Receivable Branch 
HQ Bldg., Room 181, AMZ-341 
6500 South MacArthur Boulevard 
Oklahoma City, OK 73169 
 
Payments by check or money order must be accompanied by a cover letter identifying 
Boeing as a Respondent in these proceedings, and the file number of these proceedings; a copy of 
the cover letter and check or money order must be sent to Celeste A. Chase, Assistant Regional 
Director, Division of Enforcement, New York Regional Office, Securities and Exchange 
Commission, 100 Pearl Street, Suite 20-100, New York, NY 10004-2616.   
 
 C. Pursuant to Section 308(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, a Fair Fund is created 
for the penalties referenced in paragraph B above.  This fund may be combined with any other 
distribution fund or fair fund arising out of the same facts that are the subject of this Order.  
Amounts ordered to be paid as civil money penalties pursuant to this Order shall be treated as 
penalties paid to the government for all purposes, including all tax purposes.  To preserve the 
deterrent effect of the civil penalty, Respondent agrees that in any Related Investor Action, it shall 
not argue that it is entitled to, nor shall it benefit by, offset or reduction of any award of 
compensatory damages by the amount of any part of Respondent’s payment of a civil penalty in 
this action (“Penalty Offset”).  If the court in any Related Investor Action grants such a Penalty 
Offset, Respondent agrees that it shall, within 30 days after entry of a final order granting the 
Penalty Offset, notify the Commission's counsel in this action and pay the amount of the Penalty 
Offset to the Securities and Exchange Commission.  Such a payment shall not be deemed an 
additional civil penalty and shall not be deemed to change the amount of the civil penalty imposed 
in this proceeding.  For purposes of this paragraph, a “Related Investor Action” means a private 
damages action brought against Respondent by or on behalf of one or more investors based on 
substantially the same facts as alleged in the Order instituted by the Commission in this 
proceeding.  
 
 By the Commission. 
 
 
 
Vanessa A. Countryman 
Secretary 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

Before the 

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION 

 

SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 

Release No.  11105 / September 22, 2022 

 

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDING 

File No.  3-21140 

 

 

In the Matter of 

 

THE BOEING COMPANY,  

 

Respondent. 

 

 

 

ORDER INSTITUTING CEASE-AND-

DESIST PROCEEDINGS PURSUANT TO 

SECTION 8A OF THE SECURITIES ACT 

OF 1933, MAKING FINDINGS, AND 

IMPOSING A CEASE-AND-DESIST 

ORDER  

  

I. 
 

 The Securities and Exchange Commission (“Commission”) deems it appropriate that cease-

and-desist proceedings be, and hereby are, instituted pursuant to Section 8A of the Securities Act 

of 1933 (“Securities Act”), against The Boeing Company (“Boeing” or “Respondent”).   

 

II. 
 

 In anticipation of the institution of these proceedings, Respondent has submitted an Offer 

of Settlement (the “Offer”), which the Commission has determined to accept.  Solely for the 

purpose of these proceedings and any other proceedings brought by or on behalf of the 

Commission, or to which the Commission is a party, and without admitting or denying the findings 

herein, except as to the Commission’s jurisdiction over it and the subject matter of these 

proceedings, which are admitted, Respondent consents to the entry of this Order Instituting Cease-

And-Desist Proceedings Pursuant to Section 8A of the Securities Act of 1933, Making Findings, 

And Imposing A Cease-And-Desist Order (“Order”), as set forth below.   

 

III. 
 

 On the basis of this Order and Respondent’s Offer, the Commission finds1 that:  

SUMMARY 

1. This matter concerns Boeing’s failure to exercise reasonable care in making 

statements to the public following two fatal accidents involving its new 737 MAX line of aircraft.  

                                                 
1 The findings herein are made pursuant to Respondent’s Offer of Settlement and are not binding 

on any other person or entity in this or any other proceeding. 



 2 

Those failures resulted in Boeing making materially misleading statements to investors in 

November 2018 and April 2019.  

  

2. On October 29, 2018, a Boeing 737 MAX aircraft operated by PT Lion Mentari 

Airlines (“Lion Air”) as Flight 610 crashed shortly after takeoff from Jakarta, Indonesia, killing all 

189 passengers and crew (the “Lion Air Crash”).   

 

3. Less than five months later, on March 10, 2019, a second 737 MAX, this one 

operated by Ethiopian Airlines as Flight 302, crashed shortly after takeoff from Addis Ababa, 

Ethiopia, killing all 157 passengers and crew (the “Ethiopian Airlines Crash”). 

 

4. Accident investigations revealed that both crashes involved the erroneous activation 

of the Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (“MCAS”), a new Boeing flight control 

law (not described in the 737 MAX flight manuals or pilot training materials) that was designed to 

help avert stalls by pushing the nose of the airplane downward without input from the crew 

whenever a sensor on the outside of the fuselage indicated the aircraft was approaching an angle at 

which a stall may occur.   

 

5. Neither Lion Air Flight 610 nor Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 was approaching a 

stall at the time MCAS activated.  Rather, on both flights, an erroneous signal from the external 

sensor repeatedly triggered MCAS while the plane was climbing at a normal angle.  On both 

flights, the crews were unable to regain control of the airplane following the unintended MCAS 

activations. 

6. On March 13, 2019, three days after the Ethiopian Airlines Crash, the U.S. Federal 

Aviation Administration (“FAA”) issued an order grounding the entire 737 MAX fleet due to 

ongoing safety concerns; similar grounding orders were issued by regulators around the world.  

Ultimately, more than 20 months would pass before a 737 MAX was once again permitted to fly. 

 

7. In the wake of the Lion Air Crash, Boeing sought to reassure the public and the 

market about the safety of the 737 MAX.  Later, following the Ethiopian Airlines Crash and the 

subsequent grounding of the 737 MAX, Boeing sought to reassure the public and the market that 

the process by which the 737 MAX was designed, tested and certified to fly complied with all 

applicable regulations and with Boeing’s own standards and historical practices.  In doing so, 

Boeing failed to exercise reasonable care, resulting in public statements that were materially 

misleading to investors.   

 

8. The first misleading public statement was contained in a press release issued by 

Boeing on November 27, 2018, following the release of the Indonesian government’s preliminary 

report on the Lion Air Crash (the “November 2018 Press Release” or “Press Release”).  In that 

Press Release, Boeing highlighted certain aspects of the preliminary accident report while 

downplaying others, and also offered the public its “assurance” that the 737 MAX “is as safe as 

any airplane that has ever flown the skies.”  However, by that point, Boeing had determined that 

MCAS posed an ongoing safety issue that required remediation; indeed, Boeing had already begun 

work on a redesign of the MCAS software to address the safety issue.  However, the Press Release 

made no mention of the MCAS safety issue or planned software redesign. 



 3 

9. A second set of misleading public statements was made in April 2019 following the 

Ethiopian Airlines Crash and the 737 MAX grounding (the “April 2019 Statements”).  While 

speaking to investors and analysts during Boeing’s first quarter 2019 earnings call on April 24, 

2019, and in comments to reporters following Boeing’s annual shareholders’ meeting on April 29, 

2019, Boeing, through its then President and CEO, Dennis A. Muilenburg (“Muilenburg”), stated 

that “there was no surprise or gap or unknown … that somehow slipped through [the] certification 

process” for the 737 MAX, and that Boeing had “gone back and confirmed … that we followed 

exactly the steps in our design and certification processes that consistently produce safe airplanes.”   

 

10. Prior to the April 2019 Statements, Boeing had, in responding to a subpoena 

issued by the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”) in a criminal investigation into the 737 MAX 

certification process, uncovered documents that suggested that key facts about MCAS’s 

operational scope had not been disclosed to the FAA’s Aircraft Evaluation Group (“FAA-AEG”), 

the section of the FAA responsible for the review and approval of pilot training requirements and 

flight manuals for the 737 MAX.  In addition, an internal compliance review had separately 

identified certain documentation gaps and inconsistencies relating to MCAS and the certification 

process.  None of those facts were disclosed or otherwise known to the public at that time. 

 

11. Boeing offered and sold debt securities to investors after it issued the November 

2018 Press Release.  Boeing also offered and sold debt securities to investors after Muilenburg’s 

April 2019 Statements.  

 

12. By failing to exercise reasonable care to ensure that statements in its November 

2018 Press Release and in the April 2019 Statements were not materially misleading by ensuring 

that all facts necessary to make those statements not misleading under the circumstances were 

disclosed to investors, Boeing violated Sections 17(a)(2) and 17(a)(3) of the Securities Act. 

RESPONDENT 

13. Boeing, a Delaware corporation headquartered in Arlington, Virginia, engages in 

the design, development, manufacture, sale and support of commercial jet aircraft, military aircraft, 

satellites, and other aerospace products.  Boeing’s common stock is registered under Section 12(b) 

of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”) and trades on the New York Stock 

Exchange (under the ticker symbol “BA”). 

 

OTHER RELEVANT INDIVIDUAL 

 

14. Muilenburg, age 58, is a resident of Collinsville, Illinois.  Muilenburg was 

Boeing’s President from December 2013 to December 2019, CEO from July 2015 to December 

2019, and Chairman of the Board of Directors from March 2016 to October 2019. 



 4 

FACTS 

 

A. Background: The 737 MAX and MCAS  

 

15. Boeing’s 737 line of commercial aircraft first came to market in the 1960s.  Since 

that time, Boeing has designed, manufactured, and sold approximately 10 versions of the Boeing 

737 to its customers, including commercial airlines around the world. 

16. The 737 MAX is Boeing’s most recent version of the 737 aircraft line.  The 737 

MAX was conceived after Boeing faced intense competition from one of its rival commercial 

airplane manufacturers to produce a fuel-efficient, single aisle plane.  

17. Boeing began designing the 737 MAX in 2011 and submitted its initial application 

for an Amended Type Certificate (“ATC”) to the FAA in 2012.  In March 2017, the FAA issued 

an ATC to Boeing for the 737 MAX, and the new plane entered into service a few months later.  

Quickly after it was launched, the 737 MAX became the best-selling plane in Boeing’s history. 

18. Although the 737 MAX was built upon the design of its predecessor, the 737 Next 

Generation (the “737 NG”), some changes were made.  For one thing, the engines on the 737 

MAX were larger and were positioned slightly forward under the airplane’s wings.  These changes 

increased fuel efficiency but altered the aerodynamics of the 737 MAX as compared to its 

predecessor, particularly at higher angles-of-attack (“AoA”), a measure of the angle between the 

aircraft’s wing and the oncoming air. 

 

19. In an effort to make the 737 MAX handle more like the 737 NG, Boeing introduced 

MCAS, a computerized control that would adjust the airplane’s horizontal stabilizer in the event 

the plane’s computer received data from an external sensor (known as the AoA sensor) indicating 

that the angle of the airplane was too steep, which could cause the plane to stall.  MCAS was 

designed to make the necessary adjustments without input from the crew.   

20. MCAS was originally designed to operate only under conditions involving both 

high speeds (Mach 0.6-0.8) and high AoA, conditions that were “outside the normal flight 

envelope.”  MCAS was therefore not expected to engage during the course of a normal commercial 

flight.   

 

21. Later in the design and certification process, however, Boeing expanded the 

operational scope of MCAS to address a tendency of the 737 MAX to pitch upwards at high AoA 

even at lower speeds.  To achieve this, Boeing widened the speed range within which MCAS could 

operate to Mach 0.2-0.8, now encompassing speeds at which a commercial flight would regularly 

travel, and also expanded MCAS’s command authority, or the degree to which MCAS could push 

down the nose of the plane, at lower speeds (the “MCAS Expansion”).   

 



 5 

B. U.S. Regulators Approve the Pilot Training Requirements and Flight Manuals for 

the 737 MAX without Knowledge of the MCAS Expansion. 

 

22. When a derivative of an existing aircraft model enters service, pilots certified to fly 

the previous model can become certified to fly the new model by undergoing “differences 

training,” a training course focused on those aspects of the new model (here, the 737 MAX) that 

are meaningfully different from the previous model (here, the 737 NG).  As a general matter, the 

greater the similarity between the two models, the less differences training is required, reducing 

training costs incurred by operators of the aircraft.   

23. In connection with the overall evaluation, approval and certification process for a 

derivative airplane, the FAA-AEG is responsible for determining the required level of differences 

training for U.S.-based airline pilots – and, relatedly, the extent to which new or updated functions 

must be described in the flight manuals – based on information provided, and recommendations 

made, by manufacturers such as Boeing.  At the end of this process, the FAA-AEG publishes a 

Flight Standardization Board Report (the “FSB Report”) which contains, among other things, the 

FAA-AEG’s determination on the level and scope of differences training and the contents of the 

flight manuals. 

 

24. Here, Boeing took the view that pilots transitioning from the 737 NG to the 737 

MAX should be required to undergo only a short computer-based training (“CBT”) course, as 

opposed to more extensive, simulator-based training.  Indeed, even before certification, Boeing 

advertised, and, in some cases, contractually guaranteed, to its airline customers that only CBT 

would be required for 737 NG pilots to operate the 737 MAX.   For instance, one purchase 

agreement with a major airline required Boeing to refund up to $1 million per plane in the event 

the FAA required more than CBT for 737 MAX pilots. 

 

25. In advocating for CBT only, Boeing employees responsible for communicating 

with the FAA-AEG as to differences training and manuals certification – including Boeing 

Employee-1 and Boeing Employee-2, senior members of the 737 MAX Flight Technical Group – 

presented MCAS to the FAA-AEG as a feature that could only activate in a very specific, high-

speed scenario that was outside the normal flight envelope and therefore unlikely to ever be 

encountered by a commercial pilot.  They made these representations to FAA-AEG personnel 

beginning in or around June 2015. 

 

26. In or around March 2016, Boeing introduced the MCAS Expansion, significantly 

broadening MCAS’s operational scope.  No longer limited to a specific, rare high-speed scenario, 

MCAS could now activate at abnormally high AoA throughout the entire speed range of the 737 

MAX, including during the initial climb and the final descent, and its command authority was 

significantly increased to allow it to function effectively at lower speeds. 

 



 6 

27. In or around August 2016, the FAA-AEG made a provisional determination to 

accept Boeing’s proposal of CBT-only and to omit MCAS from the differences training and flight 

manuals.  At that time, the FAA-AEG was not aware of the MCAS Expansion. 2 

28. Boeing employees responsible for communicating with the FAA-AEG understood, 

as evidenced by internal emails, that this provisional determination was contingent on there being 

“no significant systems changes to the airplane,” and that the subsequent disclosure of additional 

differences to the FAA-AEG “would be a huge threat to that differences training determination.” 

 

29. On or about November 15, 2016, during a test flight of the 737 MAX in a 

simulator, Boeing Employee-1 experienced what Boeing Employee-1 recognized as MCAS 

operating at lower speed.  Later that day, Boeing Employee-1 and Boeing Employee-2 discussed 

MCAS in an electronic chat (the “November 15, 2016 Chat”) which contained the following 

exchange: 

 

Boeing Employee-1:  Oh shocker alerT! / MCAS is now 

active down to M[ach] .2 / It’s running rampant in the 

sim[ulator] on me… / so I basically lied to the regulators 

(unknowingly) 

Boeing Employee-2:  [I]t wasn’t a lie, no one told us that was 

the case 

30. Following this exchange, Boeing employees responsible for communicating with 

the FAA-AEG did not inform the FAA-AEG about the MCAS Expansion.  And in a January 17, 

2017 email to the FAA-AEG, Boeing Employee-1 reminded the FAA-AEG to delete any 

references to MCAS from the FSB Report, saying “Flight Controls: Delete MCAS, recall we 

decided we weren’t going to cover it in the [manuals] or the CBT … since it’s way outside the 

normal operating envelope.”  

 

31. On or about July 5, 2017, the FAA-AEG published the FSB Report, which omitted 

any information about MCAS.  Consistent with the determinations made by the FAA-AEG as 

reflected in the published FSB Report, MCAS was not described in the 737 MAX flight manuals 

or pilot training materials, and was not part of the required differences training for pilots 

transitioning to the 737 MAX when the 737 MAX entered into service in mid-2017. 

 

                                                 
2 The MCAS Expansion was reflected in certification documents provided to a different group 

within the FAA that was responsible for determining whether the 737 MAX met U.S. federal 

airworthiness certification standards; however, that group was not involved in the review and 

approval of pilot training requirements and flight manuals. 



 7 

C. The Lion Air Crash and the November 2018 Press Release  

 

Boeing’s Safety Review Board Determines that MCAS Poses a Safety Issue that Requires 

Remediation, and Boeing Engineers Begin Work on a Software Redesign. 

 

32. The Lion Air Crash occurred on October 29, 2018.  Soon after the crash, 

investigators identified repeated unintended activations of MCAS triggered by erroneous AoA data 

as a cause of the accident. 

 

33. In the weeks following the Lion Air Crash, Boeing convened a series of meetings 

of its Safety Review Board (“SRB”) – an internal body comprised of Boeing personnel that 

evaluate in-service aircraft safety issues – on November 4, 2018, November 6, 2018, and 

November 15, 2018, to assess the ongoing safety of the 737 MAX in light of the Lion Air Crash.     

34. The SRB determined that the high crew workload required to counter repeated 

unintended MCAS activation triggered by erroneous AoA data, and the limited amount of time a 

crew might have to do so before the airplane became unrecoverable (as happened on the Lion Air 

Crash flight), posed an “airplane safety issue” that required remediation.  The crew workload issue 

was compounded by the presence of other distracting visual, auditory, and tactile alerts and 

warnings associated with a damaged or malfunctioning AoA sensor on the 737 MAX.  

 

35. On November 6, 2018, Boeing issued a bulletin to operators of 737 MAX aircraft 

informing them that erroneous AoA data could cause uncommanded nose-down movements of the 

aircraft (without mentioning MCAS by name).  The bulletin instructed pilots to follow the 

procedures in the flight manuals for a “runaway stabilizer” – a type of malfunction that could 

present as similar to repeated unintended MCAS activations on the 737 MAX – in the event of 

uncommanded nose-down movement. 

36. On November 7, 2018, the FAA issued a public emergency airworthiness directive 

to airlines operating the 737 MAX, informing them of the potential for repeated nose-down 

movements of the aircraft which, “if not addressed, could cause the flight crew to have difficulty 

controlling the airplane … and [could result in] possible impact with terrain.”  The airworthiness 

directive identified the issue as an “unsafe condition” on the 737 MAX, and, as an “interim action” 

pending further analysis, referred crews to the runaway stabilizer procedures described in Boeing’s 

November 6 bulletin.  

37. On or about November 15, 2018, Boeing safety engineers concluded that, in light of 

the SRB’s findings, the MCAS software should be redesigned and re-installed on the 737 MAX 

fleet to remediate the high crew workload “airplane safety issue.”  They determined that the 

software redesign had to be completed within approximately 27 months, but that the 737 MAX 

fleet could continue to operate in the interim in light of Boeing’s bulletin and the FAA emergency 

airworthiness directive. 

38. Around the same time, the FAA conducted its own safety analysis and reached 

conclusions similar to those reached by the Boeing SRB, including that the Boeing 737 MAX 

could continue to operate pending remediation of the MCAS-related crew workload issue; 



 8 

however, the FAA review concluded that a software redesign would have to be completed within 

approximately 8 months (later shortened to approximately 7 months). 

Boeing Assures the Public that the 737 MAX is “as Safe as Any Airplane that has Ever Flown 

the Skies” while Working to Remediate the “Airplane Safety Issue.” 

39. On or about November 15, 2018, senior executives at Boeing, including 

Muilenburg, were informed that the SRB had identified the crew workload issue associated with 

unintended MCAS activation due to erroneous AoA data as an “airplane safety issue” that required 

remediation, and that Boeing engineers were working on redesigning the MCAS software to 

address the issue. 

40. Also, on or about November 15, 2018, Boeing’s Communications team began 

working with senior Boeing engineers and lawyers, among others, to draft a press release to update 

the public following the Lion Air Crash (the “Draft Press Release”), which would evolve to 

become the November 2018 Press Release. 

   

41. Early versions of the Draft Press Release generally confirmed the plane’s safety, 

stating that the 737 MAX was either a “safe airplane” or that it “continue[d] to be safe to fly.”  

Certain versions also noted that Boeing was working with the FAA to “expedite the development 

and certification of a flight control software update” for MCAS. 

 

42. During this time period, Boeing was the subject of extensive negative media 

coverage over allegations that Boeing had withheld information from pilots, airlines, regulators and 

the general public regarding MCAS.  Other articles raised concerns about MCAS being too 

powerful and/or relying on a single sensor, and about the integrity of the certification process for 

the 737 MAX. 

 

43. Boeing’s stock price was also dropping during this time.  By November 20, 2018, 

Boeing’s stock price had fallen by 11.6% since the Lion Air Crash. 

 

44. On November 20, 2018, Muilenburg expressed disappointment in Boeing’s 

response to the negative post-crash media coverage, stating in an email that “[w]e are spending too 

much time playing defense… [we] need to start playing some offense.”   

 

45. The next day, an official at the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board 

(“NTSB”) emailed Boeing a draft of the preliminary report on the Lion Air accident investigation 

(the “Lion Air Preliminary Report”), which was expected to be released to the public by the 

Indonesian government within the coming days. 

46. Later that day, the Communications team sent Muilenburg and other executives an 

updated version of the Draft Press Release.  After reviewing the draft, Muilenburg directed that the 

Draft Press Release be modified to incorporate a discussion of facts drawn from the Lion Air 

Preliminary Report, and also suggested removing discussion of the planned MCAS software 

redesign from the Draft Press Release.  



 9 

47. On November 24, 2018, the Communications team began revising the Draft Press 

Release in accordance with Muilenburg’s instructions.  As a result, the Draft Press Release 

underwent significant changes as its focus shifted to the Lion Air Preliminary Report.   

48. From that point forward, the Draft Press Release no longer mentioned the 

development of an “MCAS software update,” and also stated that Boeing’s customers and 

passengers “have [Boeing’s] assurance that the 737 MAX is as safe as any airplane that has ever 

flown the skies.”  In the days that followed, Muilenburg and other executives worked with the 

Communications team to further revise the Draft Press Release.  

49. On the afternoon of November 27, 2018, Muilenburg approved the issuance of the 

November 2018 Press Release via email, writing, “Looks great – factual, and sticks to the report 

while making our key points.  Good to go here ….”  The November 2018 Press Release was 

published on Boeing’s website that evening, just after the public release of the Lion Air 

Preliminary Report by the Indonesian government.   

 

50. The November 2018 Press Release highlighted certain facts from the Lion Air 

Preliminary Report suggesting that pilot error and poor airplane maintenance by Lion Air had 

contributed to the crash.  The November 2018 Press Release did not mention that the SRB had 

identified an ongoing “airplane safety issue” associated with MCAS or the planned software 

redesign – indeed, it did not mention MCAS at all.  The final November 2018 Press Release also 

contained the statement: “As our customers and their passengers continue to fly the 737 MAX to 

hundreds of destinations around the world every day, they have our assurance that the 737 MAX 

is as safe as any airplane that has ever flown the skies.” 

51. Prior to the issuance of the November 2018 Press Release, Boeing provided drafts 

to the FAA and NTSB for informational purposes, and those drafts contained the “as safe as any 

airplane that has ever flown the skies” language.  After the November 2018 Press Release was 

published, a senior official at the NTSB complained to Boeing, via email, that the November 2018 

Press Release was not appropriate given Boeing’s involvement in the crash investigation, and that 

“the omission of certain facts and the highlighting of other facts [in the November 2018 Press 

Release] leads the reader to Boeing’s analytical conclusion.” 

52. On November 28, 2018, the first trading day following the public release of the 

Lion Air Preliminary Report and Boeing’s after-hours publication of the November 2018 Press 

Release, Boeing’s stock closed at $333.5, up 4.8% from the prior day’s close (compared to a 2% 

gain for the S&P 500).  

 

53. The November 2018 Press Release – in particular, the statement that “the 737 

MAX is as safe as any airplane that has ever flown the skies” – was misleading under the 

circumstances absent any discussion of an “airplane safety issue” that required remediation by 

fixing the MCAS software.  Accordingly, Boeing failed to exercise reasonable care in connection 

with the November 2018 Press Release. 

 

54. A reasonable investor would have considered the statement in the November 2018 

Press Release that “the 737 MAX is as safe as any airplane that has ever flown the skies,” as well 



 10 

as contrary facts set forth in Paragraph 53, supra, that were omitted from the November 2018 

Press Release, to be material. 

55. In or around February 2019, Boeing offered and sold $1.5 billion of debt securities 

to investors.  At the time of the offers and sales, Boeing had neither retracted nor modified the 

materially misleading statement contained in the November 2018 Press Release. 

 

D. The Boeing Certification Compliance Review and Discovery of “Concerning” 

Documents Relating to MCAS Differences Training and Manuals 

 

Boeing’s Compliance Review Identifies Documentation Gaps and Inconsistencies in the 

Certification Process Relating to MCAS. 

 

56. On or about November 21, 2018, Boeing senior management assembled a team to 

review the 737 MAX certification process with a particular focus on MCAS (the “MCAS 

Certification Compliance Review”), led by a senior Boeing engineer who was familiar with the 

737 MAX design, but who had not been directly involved in the certification process.  The MCAS 

Certification Compliance Review team was specifically directed to include in its review aspects of 

the certification process relating to differences training and flight manuals.   

57. The MCAS Certification Compliance Review team presented its initial findings and 

conclusions to Boeing senior engineering and compliance personnel, together with representatives 

of the FAA, on or about December 17, 2018, in a live presentation accompanied by a written 

report.  Muilenburg was briefed on the core findings around this time as well.  While the written 

report was further reviewed over the next several months, the core findings and conclusions did not 

change. 

58. The MCAS Certification Compliance Review ultimately concluded that the 

certification process with respect to MCAS was compliant with FAA regulations.  However, the 

written report identified several documentation gaps and inconsistencies relating to MCAS and the 

certification process, including a lack of adequate supporting documentation for the assumption, 

used by Boeing engineers and test pilots throughout the design and testing process, that repeated 

unintended MCAS activations (as the crew of Lion Air Flight 610 experienced) would be no more 

hazardous than a single unintended MCAS activation – an assumption that was later called into 

doubt by the SRB. 

 

59. The MCAS Certification Compliance Review report also noted that the supporting 

rationale for the decision to remove MCAS from the differences training and flight manuals was 

not properly documented and had been made contemporaneously with the MCAS Expansion.  

These findings raised questions as to whether the FAA-AEG had been made aware of, and had an 

opportunity to evaluate, the MCAS Expansion when it agreed to Boeing’s proposal to remove 

MCAS from the differences training and manuals. 

 

60. The MCAS Certification Compliance Review team was not aware of the November 

15, 2016 Chat.  Consequently, the November 15, 2016 Chat was not referenced in the MCAS 

Certification Compliance Review report and did not factor into its findings and conclusions. 



 11 

 

Boeing’s Senior Officers are Briefed on the November 15, 2016 Chat. 

 

61. In the wake of the Lion Air Crash, the DOJ began an investigation into the 737 

MAX certification process.  In January 2019, while collecting documents in connection with the 

DOJ’s investigation, members of Boeing’s Legal Department uncovered a series of 

communications that raised questions about the disclosures made to the FAA-AEG concerning the 

differences training and manuals certification, including the November 15, 2016 Chat in which 

Boeing Employee-1 wrote that he had “lied to regulators (unknowingly)” about MCAS. 

 

62. In or around January 2019, Boeing’s in-house counsel informed Muilenburg and 

other senior executives about the existence of the November 15, 2016 Chat.  Following that 

communication, Muilenburg understood the November 15, 2016 Chat to be “concerning.”   

63. The November 15, 2016 Chat – like the documentation issues highlighted in the 

MCAS Certification Compliance Review report – raised significant questions concerning the 

adequacy of Boeing’s disclosures about MCAS in connection with the FAA-AEG’s review and 

approval of pilot training requirements and flight manuals for the 737 MAX, including the 

omission of MCAS from the differences training and the flight manuals. 

 

E. The Ethiopian Airlines Crash and the April 2019 Statements 
 

64. The Ethiopian Airlines Crash occurred on March 10, 2019.  Once again, accident 

investigators determined that the accident involved repeated unintended activations of MCAS 

triggered by erroneous data from an AoA sensor.   

 

65. On March 13, 2019, three days after the Ethiopian Airlines Crash, the FAA issued 

an order grounding the entire 737 MAX fleet due to ongoing safety concerns; similar grounding 

orders were issued by regulators around the world.  Ultimately, more than 20 months would elapse 

before the 737 MAX was once again permitted to fly. 

 

66. The extensive negative media coverage of Boeing that followed the Lion Air Crash 

intensified after the Ethiopian Airlines Crash and the subsequent grounding, as did the downward 

pressure on Boeing’s stock price.    

 

67. Boeing’s first quarter earnings call occurred on April 24, 2019.  On that call, 

Muilenburg, on behalf of Boeing, responded to analysts’ questions concerning MCAS and the 

certification process for the 737 MAX.  During the questioning, one analyst asked in relevant 

part: “how did this slip through the engineering organization? How did it slip through the FAA… 

because it doesn’t seem like there was a lot of new science going on here… [t]his seemed to be 

applications of existing technology to an existing platform.”  Muilenburg’s answer stated in 

relevant part:  

 

[T]here is no technical slip or gap here… we know that both 

accidents were a series of events… in this case, there was erroneous 

angle-of-attack information that came into the airplane from 



 12 

multiple causes… at some point during the flight, that activated the 

MCAS control laws, and we know that ultimately there were actions 

or actions not taken that contributed to the final outcome… 

 

But I can tell you with confidence that we understand our airplane, 

we understand how the design was accomplished, how the 

certification was accomplished, and remain fully confident in the 

product that we’ve put in the field. But we also know there are areas 

that we can improve, and that is the source of the software update 

here. But there was no surprise or gap or unknown here or 

something that somehow slipped through a certification process. 

Quite the opposite. We know exactly how the airplane was 

designed. We know exactly how it was certified. We have taken the 

time to understand that…. 

(Emphasis added.) 

 

68. Five days later, on April 29, during a press conference following Boeing’s annual 

shareholders’ meeting, a reporter asked Muilenburg whether the MCAS design was deeply 

flawed.  Muilenburg, on behalf of Boeing, responded in relevant part: “We have gone back and 

confirmed again … that we followed exactly the steps in our design and certification processes 

that consistently produce safe airplanes.  It was designed per our standards. It was certified 

per our standards.”  (Emphasis added.) 

69. The April 2019 Statements were misleading under the circumstances absent any 

discussion of the questions raised by the discovery of the November 15, 2016 Chat and the MCAS 

Certification Compliance Review concerning the adequacy of Boeing’s disclosures to the FAA-

AEG in connection with the FAA-AEG’s review and approval of pilot training requirements and 

flight manuals for the 737 MAX.  Accordingly, Boeing failed to exercise reasonable care in 

connection with the April 2019 Statements. 

70. A reasonable investor would have considered the April 2019 Statements – in 

particular, the statements that “there was no surprise or gap or unknown … that somehow slipped 

through [the] certification process” for the 737 MAX, and that Boeing had “gone back and 

confirmed … that we followed exactly the steps in our design and certification processes that 

consistently produce safe airplanes” – as well as the contrary facts set forth in Paragraph 69, 

supra, that were omitted from the April 2019 Statements, to be material. 

71. In or around May 2019, Boeing offered and sold $3.5 billion of debt securities to 

investors. 

72. In or around July 2019, Boeing offered and sold $5.5 billion of debt securities to 

investors. 

73. At the time of the offers and sales in May and July 2019, neither Boeing nor 

Muilenburg had retracted or modified the materially misleading April 2019 Statements. 



 13 

74. On October 18, 2019, it was widely reported that the U.S. House of 

Representatives Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, which was conducting hearings 

relating to the 737 MAX, had obtained a series of documents concerning Boeing Employee-1’s 

communications with the FAA-AEG, including the November 15, 2016 Chat, and would be 

questioning Muilenburg about those documents and related issues during his scheduled 

congressional testimony later that month.   

75. On October 18, 2019, Boeing’s stock price dropped by 6.8%, compared to a 0.4% 

decline for the S&P 500. 

Violations 

76. As a result of the conduct described above, Boeing violated Sections 17(a)(2) and 

17(a)(3) of the Securities Act, which prohibit any person in the offer or sale of securities from 

obtaining money or property by means of any untrue statement of material fact or any omission to 

state a material fact necessary in order to make statements made, in light of the circumstances 

under which they were made, not misleading, and from engaging in any practice or course of 

business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon the purchaser in the offer or 

sale of securities, respectively.  Negligence is sufficient to establish violations of Sections 17(a)(2) 

and 17(a)(3) of the Securities Act.  Aaron v. SEC, 446 U.S. 680, 696-97 (1980). 

IV. 

 

 In view of the foregoing, the Commission deems it appropriate to impose the sanctions 

agreed to in Respondent Boeing’s Offer. 

 

 Accordingly, it is hereby ORDERED that: 

 

 A. Pursuant to Section 8A of the Securities Act, Boeing cease and desist from 

committing or causing any violations and any future violations of Sections 17(a)(2) and 17(a)(3) of 

the Securities Act.  

B. Boeing shall, within 14 days of the entry of this Order, pay a civil money penalty in 

the amount of $200,000,000 to the Securities and Exchange Commission.  If timely payment is not 

made, additional interest shall accrue pursuant to 31 U.S.C. §3717.   

Payment must be made in one of the following ways:   

 

(1) Respondent may transmit payment electronically to the Commission, which 

will provide detailed ACH transfer/Fedwire instructions upon request;  

 

(2) Respondent may make direct payment from a bank account via Pay.gov 

through the SEC website at http://www.sec.gov/about/offices/ofm.htm; or  

 

http://www.sec.gov/about/offices/ofm.htm


 14 

(3) Respondent may pay by certified check, bank cashier’s check, or United 

States postal money order, made payable to the Securities and Exchange 

Commission and hand-delivered or mailed to:  

 

Enterprise Services Center 

Accounts Receivable Branch 

HQ Bldg., Room 181, AMZ-341 

6500 South MacArthur Boulevard 

Oklahoma City, OK 73169 

 

Payments by check or money order must be accompanied by a cover letter identifying 

Boeing as a Respondent in these proceedings, and the file number of these proceedings; a copy of 

the cover letter and check or money order must be sent to Celeste A. Chase, Assistant Regional 

Director, Division of Enforcement, New York Regional Office, Securities and Exchange 

Commission, 100 Pearl Street, Suite 20-100, New York, NY 10004-2616.   

 

 C. Pursuant to Section 308(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, a Fair Fund is created 

for the penalties referenced in paragraph B above.  This fund may be combined with any other 

distribution fund or fair fund arising out of the same facts that are the subject of this Order.  

Amounts ordered to be paid as civil money penalties pursuant to this Order shall be treated as 

penalties paid to the government for all purposes, including all tax purposes.  To preserve the 

deterrent effect of the civil penalty, Respondent agrees that in any Related Investor Action, it shall 

not argue that it is entitled to, nor shall it benefit by, offset or reduction of any award of 

compensatory damages by the amount of any part of Respondent’s payment of a civil penalty in 

this action (“Penalty Offset”).  If the court in any Related Investor Action grants such a Penalty 

Offset, Respondent agrees that it shall, within 30 days after entry of a final order granting the 

Penalty Offset, notify the Commission's counsel in this action and pay the amount of the Penalty 

Offset to the Securities and Exchange Commission.  Such a payment shall not be deemed an 

additional civil penalty and shall not be deemed to change the amount of the civil penalty imposed 

in this proceeding.  For purposes of this paragraph, a “Related Investor Action” means a private 

damages action brought against Respondent by or on behalf of one or more investors based on 

substantially the same facts as alleged in the Order instituted by the Commission in this 

proceeding.  

 

 By the Commission. 

 

 

 

Vanessa A. Countryman 

Secretary